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Major Conspiracy Cases During the British Raj
1. Chapekar Brothers Case (1897)
- Cause: Oppression during the plague epidemic under WC Rand.
- Event: The Chapekar brothers assassinated Rand and Lt. Ayerst.
- Result: Execution of the three brothers.
- Location: Pune, Maharashtra.
- Key Figures: Damodar, Balkrishna, and Vasudeo Chapekar.
2. Muzaffarpur Conspiracy (1908)
- Cause: Assassination attempt on Douglas Kingsford for his oppressive judgments.
- Event: Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki threw a bomb that accidentally killed two British women.
- Result: Khudiram was executed; Prafulla committed suicide.
- Location: Muzaffarpur, Bihar.
- Key Figures: Khudiram Bose, Prafulla Chaki, Aurobindo Ghosh.
3. Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy Case (1912)
- Cause: An attempt to assassinate Viceroy Lord Hardinge during a ceremonial procession.
- Event: Rash Behari Bose led the bombing; Lord Hardinge was injured but survived.
- Result: Basanta Kumar Biswas was executed, while Rash Behari Bose escaped to Japan.
- Location: Delhi.
- Key Figures: Rash Behari Bose, Basanta Kumar Biswas.
4. Peshawar Conspiracy Case (1930)
- Cause: Influence of revolutionary ideas on Indian soldiers.
- Event: Soldiers of the British Indian Army rebelled in Peshawar.
- Result: The British suppressed the revolt and imprisoned key leaders.
- Location: Peshawar (now Pakistan).
- Key Figures: Indian sepoys and revolutionary networks.
5. Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case (1924)
- Cause: Communist activities linked to the global Bolshevik revolution.
- Event: Leaders were accused of conspiring to overthrow British rule by promoting communism.
- Result: Leaders like M.N. Roy and S.A. Dange were imprisoned.
- Location: Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh.
- Key Figures: M.N. Roy, S.A. Dange, Shaukat Usmani.
6. Kakori Conspiracy Case (1925)
- Cause: Revolutionary efforts to fund freedom activities by robbing the British treasury.
- Event: Members of the Hindustan Republican Association looted a train near Kakori.
- Result: Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Lahiri, and Roshan Singh were executed.
- Location: Kakori, Uttar Pradesh.
- Key Figures: Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Chandrashekhar Azad.
7. Meerut Conspiracy Case (1929)
- Cause: Suspected communist propaganda and union strikes.
- Event: Trade unionists were accused of conspiring against the British government.
- Result: Key leaders were imprisoned; the case gained international attention.
- Location: Meerut, Uttar Pradesh.
- Key Figures: S.A. Dange, Muzaffar Ahmed, Shaukat Usmani.
8. Chittagong Armoury Raid (1930)
- Cause: To seize arms and spark a revolt.
- Event: Surya Sen and his team attacked the Chittagong Armoury but failed to capture major weapons.
- Result: Surya Sen was executed, and others were imprisoned or deported.
- Location: Chittagong (now Bangladesh).
- Key Figures: Surya Sen, Kalpana Dutta, Pritilata Waddedar.
9. Central Assembly Bomb Case (1929)
- Cause: Protest against colonial laws like the Public Safety Bill.
- Event: Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw bombs in the Central Legislative Assembly without intending harm.
- Result: Bhagat Singh and his associates were executed.
- Location: Delhi.
- Key Figures: Bhagat Singh, Batukeshwar Dutt.
Exam-Friendly Tabular Summary
| Case | Year | Location | Cause | Key Figures | Outcome |
| Chapekar Brothers | 1897 | Pune, Maharashtra | Oppressive plague measures | Chapekar Brothers | Execution of brothers |
| Muzaffarpur | 1908 | Muzaffarpur, Bihar | Targeted Douglas Kingsford | Khudiram Bose, Prafulla Chaki | Execution of Khudiram, Chaki suicide |
| Delhi-Lahore | 1912 | Delhi | Assassination of Viceroy Hardinge | Rash Behari Bose, Basanta Biswas | Injuries to Hardinge, Biswas hanged |
| Peshawar | 1930 | Peshawar (Pakistan) | Army revolt | Sepoy leaders | Rebellion suppressed |
| Kanpur Bolshevik | 1924 | Kanpur, UP | Communist-led anti-British activities | M.N. Roy, S.A. Dange | Leaders imprisoned |
| Kakori | 1925 | Kakori, UP | Train robbery for revolutionary funds | Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan | Leaders executed |
| Meerut | 1929 | Meerut, UP | Communist propaganda and strikes | S.A. Dange, Muzaffar Ahmed | Imprisonment of leaders |
| Chittagong Armoury | 1930 | Chittagong | Seizing arms for revolt | Surya Sen, Pritilata Waddedar | Sen executed, others imprisoned |
| Central Assembly | 1929 | Delhi | Protest against colonial laws | Bhagat Singh, Batukeshwar Dutt | Bhagat Singh executed |
This comprehensive overview is tailored for UPSC and civil service aspirants, highlighting key facts and figures. For more in-depth study, refer to trusted sources like NCERTs and historical texts .
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